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Correct Answer: infant: 9 - 12 g/dl.
the question is asking the practical nurse (pn) to identify which hemoglobin result is considered abnormal. hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body, and its levels can be crucial indicators of overall health.
to solve this, we analyze the provided hemoglobin ranges for different age groups and compare them with generally accepted normal ranges:
1. **newborn: 14 - 24 g/dl:** this range is considered normal for newborns. newborns typically have a higher hemoglobin level at birth, which naturally decreases to a lower normal adult range as they age.
2. **infant: 9 - 12 g/dl:** the question states that the normal hemoglobin for infants is 10 - 17 g/dl. therefore, the lower end of the provided range (9 g/dl) falls below the normal range. this suggests that an infant with a hemoglobin level of 9 g/dl would be considered to have an abnormally low hemoglobin level, indicative of possible anemia.
3. **child: 11.0 to 15.5 g/dl:** this range is typically considered normal for children. it comfortably fits within the expected range for healthy children, who generally have hemoglobin levels close to those of adults.
4. **adult: 12 - 18 g/dl:** this is the standard normal range for adults and is considered appropriate for healthy adult men and women, though the upper normal limits can differ slightly between genders.
based on the analysis, the abnormal hemoglobin result among the choices given is for the "infant: 9 - 12 g/dl." this range is problematic because it includes a value (9 g/dl) that is below the normal threshold (10 g/dl) indicated for infants. it is crucial for healthcare providers, including pns, to recognize and address such deviations in hemoglobin levels, as they can be indicative of underlying health issues such as anemia, nutritional deficiencies, or other medical conditions requiring intervention.
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