Correct Answer: naming the parts of speech it appears there might be a formatting issue with the question and answer options presented. however, i will clarify the concept of "descriptive grammar" and differentiate it from other types of grammatical studies.
descriptive grammar refers to the approach in linguistics that observes, records, and analyzes the language as it is actually used by speakers. this type of grammar does not prescribe rules of how language should be used, but rather describes how it is used in real life. descriptive grammar aims to document the rules and patterns that govern the use of language, including all its irregularities and variations across different dialects and social groups.
to contrast, let’s look at the other terms mentioned:
- **historical grammar** focuses on the study and documentation of how languages change over time. it examines the evolution of language structures and vocabularies, tracing their origins and how they have developed through centuries. this is likely what choice a, "the change of language throughout centuries," refers to.
- **comparative grammar** involves comparing the grammatical structures of two or more languages to identify their similarities and differences. it often aims to understand the genealogical relationships between languages and can help in reconstructing languages that are not well-documented. this is what choice b, "comparing different languages," likely encompasses.
- **functional grammar** looks at grammar as a tool that serves various functions in communication. it studies how language elements work to achieve communicative purposes, focusing on the usage of language in context rather than just the structures themselves. this approach matches choice d, "the behavior of language when it is properly functioning."
therefore, descriptive grammar, as indicated by the correct answer choice c, "naming the parts of speech," is primarily concerned with the structure and parts of language as they are used in everyday communication, without making judgments about correctness or appropriateness. this explanation is somewhat simplified here, as descriptive grammar encompasses more than just naming parts of speech, involving a comprehensive analysis of syntax, morphology, phonetics, and semantics as they are used in real-world speech.
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