Correct Answer: hippuric acid: 1.9 g
the question asks to identify which component listed does not reflect the typical amount found in normal urine. among the options provided—urea, hippuric acid, creatinine, and uric acid—the normal ranges or typical amounts for each need to be considered to determine the correct answer.
first, let's examine urea, which is typically excreted in urine in the range of 25.0 to 35.0 grams per day. this is within the normal range, indicating normal protein metabolism and kidney function. creatinine, another component listed, is typically excreted at about 1.5 grams per day, which is also considered a normal value reflecting healthy muscle metabolism and kidney function. uric acid, with a normal excretory range of 0.4 to 1.0 grams per day, also falls within a typical range, indicating normal purine metabolism and renal excretion.
the outlier here is hippuric acid. the listed value of 1.9 grams per day is significantly higher than the normal range, which typically tops out at around 0.7 grams per day. hippuric acid is formed in the liver by the conjugation of benzoate with glycine, and it is a route for the excretion of benzoic acid, which is derived from dietary sources such as fruits and some packaged foods preserved with benzoic acid.
the elevated level of hippuric acid, as indicated by 1.9 grams per day, is not typical and could suggest an increased intake of benzoic acid or a possible issue with metabolism or excretion processes. therefore, the correct answer to the question is "hippuric acid: 1.9 g," as this value does not represent a normal amount of hippuric acid in urine, contrasting with the other components listed, which all fall within their respective normal ranges.
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