|
Correct Answer: autonomic nervous system
the correct answer to the question regarding which part of the nervous system involves involuntary functions that target smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular epithelium is the autonomic nervous system (ans). the ans is a component of the peripheral nervous system that manages involuntary physiological processes including heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, pupillary response, urination, and sexual arousal.
the autonomic nervous system is divided into two main branches: the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems. the sympathetic nervous system is often described as the "fight or flight" system because it provides the body with a burst of energy so that it can respond to perceived threats by either fighting or fleeing. in contrast, the parasympathetic nervous system is often termed the "rest and digest" system because it conserves energy as it slows the heart rate, increases intestinal and gland activity, and relaxes sphincter muscles in the gastrointestinal tract.
communication within the ans is mediated via a series of nerve impulses and neurotransmitters. these impulses are conveyed to various effectors - smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands. for example, in the case of cardiac muscle, the ans regulates heart rate through these impulses; it can signal the heart to beat faster or slower depending on the body's needs at any given moment.
the central control units for the autonomic nervous system are located in parts of the brain such as the hypothalamus, which is pivotal in linking the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland. the hypothalamus maintains homeostasis by controlling temperature, hunger, thirst, fatigue, sleep, and circadian cycles. additionally, the brainstem plays a crucial role in managing autonomic functions by integrating and processing autonomic information.
while the spinal cord, another option provided, does play a role in the nervous system, its primary function is to relay information between the brain and the rest of the body and it does not directly manage the involuntary functions associated with the ans. similarly, the entire peripheral nervous system includes more than just the autonomic nervous system, also encompassing the somatic nervous system which controls voluntary movements.
in conclusion, while the autonomic nervous system is part of the broader peripheral nervous system, and involves components of the central nervous system like the brainstem and hypothalamus, the most accurate answer to the question is specifically the autonomic nervous system, as it directly handles the involuntary control over smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands.
|
ExamEdge's online practice test is that they mimicked the actual exam. I walked into the exam feeling confident I knew the material and walked out knowing my time studying with Exam Edge was well worth the effort."
Back To General Exam Info