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Correct Answer: dual federalism
during the nation’s early history, the form of federalism that prevailed was dual federalism. dual federalism, also known as "layer cake" federalism, is characterized by a clear delineation of authority and programs among the levels of government — national and state. under this model, the powers and responsibilities of the federal government and the state governments are distinctly separated, allowing each level to operate in its own sphere with minimal overlap and interference.
the concept of dual federalism emerged soon after the ratification of the u.s. constitution and continued as the predominant model of federalism for much of the 19th and early 20th centuries. during this period, the federal government was primarily responsible for issues related to national defense, foreign policy, and promoting commerce, while the states retained the majority of the control over their internal affairs, including local law enforcement, education, and public health.
this clear division was based on the tenth amendment to the u.s. constitution, which states that any power not explicitly granted to the federal government is reserved for the states or the people. the supreme court played a crucial role in upholding this principle during the era of dual federalism, reinforcing the idea that federal and state governments are co-equals, each sovereign within their respective spheres.
the era of dual federalism is often contrasted with later forms of federalism, such as cooperative federalism, where there is a much greater overlap and interaction between the different levels of government. in cooperative federalism, also known as "marble cake" federalism, government responsibilities are mingled and shared between state and federal governments, making the distinction between the two less clear.
understanding the dynamics of dual federalism helps elucidate the evolution of american federalism and the shifting balance of power between state and federal governments over time. this historical context sets the stage for appreciating the complexities and ongoing debates surrounding federalism in contemporary u.s. politics.
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