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Correct Answer: it is not based on empirical evidence.
the theory of multiple intelligences, proposed by howard gardner in 1983, suggests that there are several types of intelligence, such as linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic intelligences. this theory expanded the traditional view of intelligence, which typically emphasizes cognitive aspects such as memory and problem-solving. gardner's theory posits that these diverse types of intelligence are equally important and that each individual possesses a unique blend of them.
despite its popularity and its broad acceptance in educational circles, the theory of multiple intelligences has been met with significant criticism. one of the primary critiques is that it lacks empirical evidence. critics argue that gardner's identification of the distinct intelligences was based more on his own intuition and subjective analysis of biographical profiles of famous individuals than on robust scientific research.
furthermore, critics contend that gardner's theory does not adhere to the standard scientific procedures typically used in psychology. for instance, it lacks psychometric tests with high validity and reliability scores to measure each of the intelligences independently. without such measurements, skeptics claim that the theory cannot be empirically verified.
another related criticism is the absence of clear operational definitions for each type of intelligence, making it difficult for other researchers to replicate or validate gardner's findings. this lack of precise definitions complicates the process of testing the theory scientifically. critics argue that without operational definitions and empirical support, the theory of multiple intelligences remains more a philosophical framework than a scientifically supported theory.
in response to these criticisms, proponents of the theory, including gardner himself, have admitted that the theory could benefit from more rigorous scientific studies. however, they also argue that the value of the theory lies in its ability to foster a more inclusive approach to education, where diverse talents and ways of learning are recognized and nurtured. despite the criticisms, the theory of multiple intelligences continues to influence educational practices and is considered a valuable contribution to understanding human intelligence in a broader, more holistic manner.
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