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Correct Answer: norm-referenced
the correct answer to the question "which of the following assessment types ranks a learner’s standing compared to other learners?" is "norm-referenced." to understand why this is the correct answer, it is important to distinguish between different types of assessments, primarily norm-referenced and criterion-referenced assessments, as well as other forms like formative and proficiency assessments.
norm-referenced assessments are designed to rank each learner relative to others, often by comparing scores across a wide range of individuals to establish a norm. in this type of assessment, the primary focus is on where an individual stands in relation to others in a similar age or grade group. common examples include standardized tests like the sat or act, where individual scores are interpreted based on how they compare to the scores of other test-takers.
criterion-referenced assessments, on the other hand, measure a learner’s performance against a specific set of criteria or a standard rather than against the performances of other learners. this type of assessment is concerned with whether each student has achieved specific learning goals or objectives, irrespective of how others have performed. examples of criterion-referenced assessments include many classroom tests where students are scored based on mastering specific content.
formative assessments are ongoing processes that teachers use to evaluate students' knowledge and skills during the learning process. these assessments help to monitor student learning to provide ongoing feedback that can be used by instructors to improve their teaching and by students to improve their learning. formative assessments are generally not norm-referenced as they are more about measuring progress rather than ranking.
proficiency assessments evaluate learner's ability to perform specific tasks or demonstrate mastery in a particular area or subject. these too are typically criterion-referenced, focusing on whether the learner can meet predetermined standards of proficiency rather than how their performance compares to others.
in conclusion, while proficiency, formative, and criterion-referenced assessments focus either on individual mastery of content or ongoing evaluation during the learning process, norm-referenced assessments distinctly serve the purpose of ranking learners against one another. thus, when asked which assessment type ranks a learner’s standing compared to other learners, the answer is unequivocally norm-referenced.
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