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Correct Answer: grammatical competence, sociolinguistic, strategic competence.
communicative competence is a linguistic term coined by dell hymes in 1972, challenging noam chomsky's notion of linguistic competence. it refers to the set of skills required for effective communication in a given language. the three primary competencies that form communicative competence are grammatical competence, sociolinguistic competence, and strategic competence. each plays a crucial role in how effectively individuals can communicate within a social context.
firstly, **grammatical competence** is the ability to use and understand the grammar, syntax, vocabulary, and pronunciation of a language. it forms the basis of language use and is essential for the construction of meaningful sentences. grammatical competence ensures that the language is structurally correct and comprehensible to the listener or reader. for example, it enables a speaker to know that the sentence "she goes to school" is grammatically correct, while "she go to school" is not.
secondly, **sociolinguistic competence** involves an understanding of the social context in which language is used. this includes knowledge of various social norms, cultural references, styles of speech, and the appropriate use of language depending on the situation, location, relationship between speakers, and the speaker's intentions. it allows speakers to choose language that is suitable to particular social circumstances. for example, knowing when to use formal language during a job interview versus informal language with friends is an aspect of sociolinguistic competence.
lastly, **strategic competence** is the skill of effectively overcoming problems in communication. it involves the use of verbal and non-verbal communication strategies to compensate for breakdowns in communication due to misunderstandings, pauses, or errors. this may include paraphrasing, repetition, or asking for clarification. strategic competence is crucial for maintaining the flow of communication and ensuring that the message is conveyed and understood, even in the face of difficulties.
together, these three competencies enable individuals to communicate effectively and appropriately in a variety of contexts, ensuring both the accuracy of the language used and its suitability to the social setting. understanding and mastering these competencies can greatly enhance one’s ability to engage and interact in any language.
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