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Correct Answer: raw score.
the correct answer to the question "which of the following is the 'total of correct responses' from a test?" is "raw score."
to understand why "raw score" is the correct answer, it's important to first define what a raw score is in the context of assessments. a raw score represents the most basic outcome of a test and is simply the total number of questions that a test-taker answers correctly. for example, if a test contains 50 questions and a student answers 40 questions correctly, their raw score would be 40.
raw scores are often used in norm-referenced assessments, where the scores of individual test-takers are compared to a larger group. the raw score is the initial data collected from the test before any further processing or scaling. since it directly counts correct responses, it serves as a straightforward measure of a test-taker's performance based solely on the quantity of correct answers.
however, raw scores alone often do not provide enough context to determine how well a test-taker has performed relative to others. therefore, raw scores are commonly converted into different types of standardized scores, such as standard scores, percentiles, or z-scores, which provide a way to compare results across different tests or different groups of test-takers.
the other terms mentioned in the question—stanine, z-score, and t-score—are all types of standardized scores derived from raw scores. they are used to place raw scores into a context that makes them easier to interpret:
- **stanine**: divides scores into nine levels, typically ranging from 1 to 9, with 5 being average.
- **z-score**: indicates how many standard deviations a score is from the mean of the score distribution.
- **t-score**: a standard score scaled to have a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10.
these standardized scores are useful for making more refined assessments of performance, but they are not the same as the raw score, which is merely the total count of correct answers. thus, when asked about the "total of correct responses" from a test, the answer is unambiguously "raw score."
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