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Correct Answer: limitations occur at any age.
the dsm-v (diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition) provides guidelines for diagnosing various mental health conditions, including intellectual disabilities (id). according to the dsm-v, there are specific criteria that must be met for a diagnosis of intellectual disability. these include:
**1. deficits in intellectual functions:** this criterion involves significant limitations in intellectual functioning, which refers to general mental capacity such as learning, reasoning, and problem-solving. intellectual functioning is typically measured by standardized intelligence tests, where a score of approximately two standard deviations below the mean, or an iq score below approximately 70, indicates a potential intellectual disability.
**2. deficits in adaptive functioning:** this criterion requires significant limitations in adaptive behavior, which covers a range of everyday social and practical skills. these include communication, social participation, and independent living across various environments such as home, school, work, and community. adaptive functioning is assessed through the individual’s performance of daily activities compared to others of similar age.
**3. onset during the developmental period:** intellectual disabilities must manifest during the developmental period, which is during childhood or adolescence. this criterion ensures that the limitations are not due to a later occurrence, such as a brain injury or a neurocognitive disorder developing after childhood.
the answer choices provided in the question suggest various diagnostic criteria, but the correct exception under dsm-v guidelines is "limitations occur at any age." this statement is incorrect as a diagnostic criterion for intellectual disabilities because, according to the dsm-v, the impairments in intellectual and adaptive functioning must be evident during the developmental period. if such impairments manifest later in life, the diagnosis might lean towards a neurocognitive disorder, which is different from intellectual disabilities.
therefore, when diagnosing intellectual disabilities, it is crucial to establish that the limitations in intellectual and adaptive functioning began during the developmental period. any diagnosis suggesting that these limitations can occur at any age does not align with the dsm-v criteria for intellectual disabilities.
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