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Correct Answer: operant conditioning.
the correct answer to the question regarding the type of conditioning associated with using reinforcement or punishment after a behavior occurs is operant conditioning. operant conditioning is a method of learning that employs rewards and punishments for behavior. this approach to conditioning focuses on strengthening or weakening voluntary behaviors based on the consequences of those behaviors. it differs significantly from classical conditioning, which typically deals with involuntary responses and associates a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to trigger an involuntary response.
operant conditioning was developed by psychologist b.f. skinner, who built upon the earlier work of edward thorndike. skinner's work primarily explored how the consequences of a behavior would affect the frequency of that behavior's occurrence in the future. in operant conditioning, behaviors followed by reinforcements (rewards) are more likely to recur in the future, whereas behaviors followed by punishments are less likely to recur.
reinforcement in operant conditioning can be positive or negative. positive reinforcement involves presenting a motivating/rewarding stimulus to the person after the desired behavior is exhibited, making the behavior more likely to happen in the future. negative reinforcement involves removing an aversive stimulus when the desired behavior is exhibited, also increasing the likelihood of the behavior occurring again. on the other hand, punishment, whether by application (adding something unpleasant) or removal (taking away something desired), serves to reduce the occurrence of the behavior.
operant conditioning is widely used in various fields, including education, psychology, animal training, and behavioral therapy. it helps in shaping behavior through a systematic approach of rewards and penalties. it is a fundamental aspect of behaviorism, a theory of learning based on the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning.
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