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MCA Elementary Education Multi-Content Science Sample Test

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An evolutionary biologist in the Antarctic is studying a large group of penguins that cannot fly, and that have never been observed swimming. A large ice sheet breaks off, separating the population into two sections. How might the biologist best use that occurrence to study speciation?

Correct Answer:

study both groups of penguins and compare them in their new environments.

the best approach for the evolutionary biologist to study speciation in this scenario is to focus on the two separated penguin populations and compare their adaptations and changes over time in response to their new environments. this natural division caused by the breaking off of the ice sheet provides a unique opportunity to observe the processes of speciation—the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution.

speciation often occurs due to geographic isolation, where populations of the same species are prevented from interbreeding due to physical barriers. in this case, the ice sheet serves as the barrier that divides the penguin population into two isolated groups. over time, each group may experience different environmental pressures that could lead to divergent evolutionary paths.

the biologist should monitor various aspects of the penguins’ biology and behavior, such as changes in their physical traits, mating behaviors, diet, and survival strategies. genetic studies could be particularly revealing, as they would provide insights into how genetic variations are selected for or against in each environment. by comparing these factors between the two groups, the biologist can gather evidence on how environmental factors contribute to the emergence of new species.

this situation is fortuitous because it sets up a controlled natural experiment where the variable of interest—environmental change—is introduced while other factors are held constant. the main ice structure's population will continue living in a relatively stable and familiar environment, which serves as a control group against which to compare the newly isolated group on the ice floe.

while studying the drift of the ice floe or writing about global warming might provide interesting additional data, these approaches will not directly address questions of speciation. similarly, investigating interactions with polar bears, though potentially fascinating, would not focus on the intrinsic evolutionary changes happening within the penguin populations due to their new environmental contexts.

ultimately, by focusing on how each group adapts to its respective environment, the biologist can gain valuable insights into the mechanisms of speciation. this research could contribute significantly to our understanding of evolutionary biology and the impact of environmental changes on species divergence.