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Correct Answer: aneuploidy.
the question inquires about the classification of a monosomic individual within the context of genetic variations. the options provided are duplication, aneuploidy, frameshift mutation, and point mutation. to determine the right category for a monosomic individual, it's essential to understand the nature of each genetic phenomenon mentioned.
starting with aneuploidy, this term describes a condition involving an abnormal number of chromosomes. typically, a healthy human cell contains 46 chromosomes, 23 from each parent. aneuploidy occurs when there is a deviation from this number, either through the loss or gain of chromosomes. monosomy, the condition of having one less chromosome than normal, is a specific type of aneuploidy. for example, turner syndrome, where an individual has only one x chromosome instead of two, is a case of monosomy.
duplication, on the other hand, refers to occurrences where parts of a chromosome are repeated. this results in extra genetic material but does not necessarily alter the total number of chromosomes. duplication can lead to genetic disorders or might be asymptomatic, depending on the genes involved and the extent of the duplication.
frameshift mutations are genetic mutations that involve insertions or deletions of a number of nucleotides in a dna sequence that is not divisible by three. this type of mutation affects the way the sequence is read in groups of three nucleotides (codons) during translation, potentially altering the entire amino acid sequence that follows the mutation. it is a more localized change at the molecular level compared to the chromosomal level changes seen in aneuploidy.
point mutations involve a change at a specific single nucleotide in the dna sequence. this can occur through substitution, deletion, or insertion of a single base. like frameshift mutations, point mutations affect a much smaller scale than changes involving whole chromosomes.
therefore, when considering the options provided in relation to the definition of a monosomic individual, euploidy. this genetic condition directly describes the scenario where the number of chromosomes is not normal, specifically involving the loss of a chromosome, which is exactly what monosomy represents.
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