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Correct Answer: median.
the question asks which among the listed options is not derived from raw scores. to answer this, it’s important to understand what raw scores are and how they are used in the context of standardized testing.
raw scores are simply the count of the number of questions that a student answers correctly on a test. however, raw scores alone don’t provide a clear measure of performance unless they are transformed into a more interpretable format. this transformation can take various forms, depending on what the test administrators need the scores to represent.
one common form of transforming raw scores is by calculating the percentile rank. this indicates the percentage of test takers who scored lower than a particular score. it’s a way of comparing a student’s performance relative to others. for instance, a percentile rank of 80 means the student scored better than 80% of the other test takers. this clearly shows that percentile ranks are directly derived from raw scores as they depend on how a raw score compares to a distribution of scores.
percent correct is another derivative of raw scores, which is calculated by dividing the number of questions answered correctly by the total number of questions, and then multiplying by 100 to get a percentage. this transformation helps in understanding the proportion of the test that the student was able to answer correctly.
grade equivalents are also derived from raw scores. they express a student's test performance in terms of the grade level at which the typical performance is the score that the student achieved. this is also a transformation of the raw score into a format that can be more easily related to standard educational levels.
however, the median, which is also listed in the options, is a type of statistical measure used to find the middle value in a set of data. in the context of standardized test scores, the median would be the middle score if all the scores were listed in order. while median could theoretically be calculated from raw scores, it is not a transformation or derivation of a single raw score itself, but rather a measure of central tendency of a data set. in simpler terms, it doesn't represent a transformation of any individual raw score but rather provides information about the distribution of all scores collectively.
therefore, the correct answer to the question is "median," as it is not a direct derivation from an individual raw score, unlike percentile ranks, percent correct, and grade equivalents, which all represent different ways of interpreting or transforming raw scores into more meaningful indicators of performance.
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