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Praxis Middle School Science (5442) - Free Test Sample Questions

Biologists use inductive reasoning when identifying causation between biological phenomena. Which inductive method is exemplified by the following?

A B C D occur together with w x y z;

B C D occur together with x y z;

Then A is the cause or effect of w.

Correct Answer:
method of difference.
the question asks which inductive method is used when identifying causation between biological phenomena, given specific observations. the observations provided are: - a, b, c, d occur together with w, x, y, z. - b, c, d occur together with x, y, z. from these observations, the conclusion drawn is that "a is the cause or effect of w."

to analyze this, let's consider the different inductive methods mentioned: 1. **method of agreement**: this method states that if two or more instances of a phenomenon under investigation have only one circumstance in common, that circumstance can be considered the cause (or effect) of the phenomenon. in the given scenario, however, both occurrences share more than one element (b, c, d, x, y, z), so this method does not fit perfectly. 2. **method of difference**: this method involves comparing instances where the phenomenon occurs with instances where it does not occur, under conditions that are as similar as possible. if there is only one differing component between these conditions, that component is identified as the cause (or effect). here, when a is present, w also appears; when a is absent, w is absent too. this fits the description given, suggesting a and w are causally related since they are the only elements that differ between the two scenarios. 3. **method of concomitant variation**: this method looks for a pattern where changes in one factor correspond with changes in another factor. however, no variation in degree or frequency is mentioned in the provided data, so we cannot apply this method effectively here. 4. **method of residues**: this method involves subtracting from a phenomenon those parts that are known by other inductive methods to be caused by certain antecedents, thereby isolating any remaining part of the phenomenon caused by a new or previously unconsidered factor. this method does not directly apply here as it generally involves a more complex set of data and known relationships.

based on the analysis, the scenario best exemplifies the **method of difference**. this method is indicated by the fact that the presence or absence of a corresponds perfectly with the presence or absence of w, respectively, while all other variables remain constant. thus, it is inferred that a is the cause or effect of w, as these are the only factors that differ between the two observed situations.

Mass times acceleration is equal to force. Mass times velocity is equal to which of the following?

Correct Answer:
momentum.
the question pertains to fundamental concepts in physics, specifically relating to the relationship between mass, velocity, and momentum. the correct answer to the question, "mass times velocity is equal to which of the following?" is momentum.

momentum, a key concept in classical mechanics, is defined as the product of an object's mass and its velocity. the equation representing this relationship is p = mv, where p stands for momentum, m represents mass, and v signifies velocity. this relationship suggests that momentum, like velocity, is a vector quantity, meaning it has both magnitude and direction. the direction of the momentum vector is the same as the direction of the velocity vector.

it is important to understand that momentum is a measure of the quantity of motion an object possesses. the greater the mass or velocity of an object, the greater its momentum. for example, a fast-moving truck has more momentum than a slow-moving bicycle, assuming their masses are significantly different. this concept is crucial in understanding collisions and conservation laws in physics.

in contrast to momentum, other terms such as work, power, and inertia, relate to different aspects of physical motion and energy: - work (measured in joules in the si system) is defined as the force applied to an object multiplied by the distance over which the force is applied and the cosine of the angle between the force and the direction of movement. - power (measured in watts in the si system) is the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred over time. - inertia is a property of matter that quantifies the resistance of an object to a change in its state of motion or rest.

each of these terms—momentum, work, power, and inertia—plays a crucial role in the principles of mechanics and are foundational to understanding the behavior of physical systems. however, for the question posed, the relationship specifically between mass and velocity directly corresponds to momentum, making momentum the correct answer.