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Correct Answer: all of above
the question asks to identify which gases listed are toxic. the options given include hydrogen cyanide, arsine, fluorine, and "all of above". the correct answer is "all of above," meaning each of the gases listed is indeed toxic. let's explore why each of these gases is considered dangerous.
hydrogen cyanide (hcn) is a highly toxic chemical compound that exists as a colorless, extremely poisonous, and flammable liquid or gas. it interferes with the body's ability to use oxygen and can be fatal if inhaled. exposure to hydrogen cyanide can cause symptoms such as headache, dizziness, weakness, nausea, and seizures. at higher concentrations, it can lead to rapid respiratory failure and death.
arsine (ash3) is a colorless, non-irritating toxic gas with a mild garlic odor that is used primarily in the semiconductor industry and in the synthesis of organoarsenic compounds. arsine is a potent hemolytic poison, meaning it can cause the destruction of red blood cells, leading to kidney failure and other serious health issues. even at very low concentrations, arsine exposure can be fatal.
fluorine (f2) is a pale yellow, corrosive gas, which is highly reactive. it is the most electronegative and reactive of all elements and can cause severe chemical burns upon contact with skin. when inhaled, fluorine gas can be extremely irritating to the mucous membranes and lungs, leading to severe respiratory distress and other systemic toxic effects.
in conclusion, each of the gases mentioned—hydrogen cyanide, arsine, and fluorine—are toxic and pose significant health risks if leaked or improperly handled. they can cause various adverse health effects, including death, depending on the exposure level and duration. therefore, the answer "all of above" is correct because all listed gases are indeed toxic. safety measures, including proper handling, storage, and emergency procedures, are crucial when dealing with these substances to prevent hazardous exposure.
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